The Tapping Evidence Base
Depression · PTSD & Trauma

A Controlled Comparison of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Psychological Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs. Emotional Freedom Techniques

Outcome-specific record — catalogued as: EMDR vs EFT trial — depression outcome (as tabulated in Nelms & Castel 2016)

Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J. et al. · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · 2011

Randomized trial 👥 46 participants ⚖️ vs. EMDR (active comparator) Higher rigor ✓ Source-checked 📍 United Kingdom
In plain English. This same head-to-head trial of tapping versus EMDR also measured depression. Both groups improved and the difference between tapping and EMDR was not statistically significant; the d=0.69 shown is a within-group change, not an advantage over EMDR.

What they found

46
This same head-to-head trial of tapping versus EMDR also measured depression.

Depression symptoms decreased by 28% (d=0.69) in this analyzed subsample; the same trial's anxiety and PTSD outcomes are recorded in separate records (karatzias-2011-ptsd-anxiety).

How the study worked

Who took part NHS Scotland patients referred for psychotherapy with DSM-IV PTSD (n=46)
What they did In a randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly assigned to receive tapping or a comparison condition, then measured and compared.
Compared with EMDR (active comparator)
Measured with HADS

💡 Where this could help

If tapping keeps matching up reasonably well against EMDR for depression tied to PTSD, it could mean trauma survivors get another effective option where EMDR-trained clinicians are scarce or waitlists are long within public health systems like the NHS. Unlike EMDR, which always requires a trained clinician in the room, tapping can be handed to the patient as a self-administered skill they keep using between and after appointments.

🔬 What to study next

With EFT tracking reasonably close to EMDR for depression tied to PTSD in this subsample, the next step is pairing future head-to-head trials with objective markers — cortisol, heart-rate variability, or amygdala reactivity on fMRI — to see whether the two approaches are converging on the same physiological endpoint through different routes. That would help explain why two such different-looking therapies keep landing in similar territory on symptom scales.

The full record

DesignRandomized trial
Participants46 people
PopulationNHS Scotland patients referred for psychotherapy with DSM-IV PTSD
Comparison groupEMDR (active comparator)
Effect sizeCohen's d = 0.69 — on depressive symptoms (HADS), EFT vs EMDR; the recorded d=0.69 corresponds to the EFT arm's WITHIN-group pre-post change (derived from Table 2 means/SDs). The authors' between-group depression comparison was NON-significant (F(1,43)=0.3, p=.56).
Outcome measuresHADS
JournalThe Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Year2011
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
MethodEFT / Tapping
Publication typeStudy / trial
Verification✓ Confirmed against the primary source

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Cite this study

APA

Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., Loughran, P., Chouliara, Z., & Adams, S. (2011). A Controlled Comparison of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Psychological Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs. Emotional Freedom Techniques. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd262

This record is part of the Tapping Evidence Base — an openly-sourced, fully-referenced directory of the research on EFT/Tapping. Explore more studies on Depression · PTSD & Trauma

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THE TAPPING EVIDENCE BASE Depression 46 participants WHAT THEY FOUND Depression symptoms decreased by 28%(d=0.69) in this analyzed subsample; thesame trial's anxiety and PTSD outcomes… Randomized trial · 46 participants Karatzias · 2011 · evidence.thetappingsolution.com